英语PK台 第388期:英语中的否定转移(3)

 　　1. 形式上否定谓语，语义上否定宾语补足语。

　　I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it. (not to carry...)
　　我知道他身上从不带钱，因为他从不需要钱。
　　We do not consider melting or boiling to be chemical change. (not to be...)
　　我们认为熔化和沸腾不是化学反应。
　　Seeing a ball flying, we don't expect the ball to fly forever. (not to fly...)
　　看到球飞时，我们认为它不会永远飞下去。
　　I don't think math difficult.
　　我认为数学不难。
　　I don't find the story interesting.
　　我认为这个故事没有趣。
　　I don't expect so.
　　我认为不会。
　　2. 在“It is/was likely/probably +从句”中，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定从句。
　　It isn't likely that it will rain tomorrow.
　　看起来明天不会下雨。
　　It isn't probable 1 that he will come here today.
　　他今天也许不会来这里了。
　　3. 形式上否定谓语，语义上否定状语或状语从句
　　He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语)
　　他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
　　Don't judge a man by his appearance.
　　不要以貌取人。
　　Don't read in the sun.
　　不要在阳光下看书。
　　Don't talk with your mouth full of food.
　　不要口里含着食物说话。
　　The ant is not gathering 2 this for itself alone.
　　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
　　Let's not talk about it here.
　　我们别在这里谈吧。
　　This great victory has not been won easily.
　　这个伟大的胜利赢来得并不容易。
　　I didn't know his name until yesterday. (not ... until)
　　我直到昨天才知道他的名字。
　　He didn't take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame, but to benefit the boy's parents.
　　他把男孩从铁轨上抱到安全地带，不是为了获得个人的名誉，而是为了孩子的父母。
　　注：含有not... because (of) 的句子，情况较复杂，需根据逻辑、语境和常识进行判断是否需要作否定转移，如需转移的话，往往是由否定谓语转为否定状语。
　　He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语)
　　他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
　　I don't teach because teaching 3 is easy for me.
　　我教书并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。
　　The engine didn't stop because the fuel was used up.
　　发动机并不是因为油用完而停车的。
　　He didn't go to class because he was sick.
　　他没去上课，因为他生病了。（这句话不需作否定转移）
　　The manager didn't give a speech because he felt painful in his throat. 经理没发表讲话，因为他喉咙痛。（这句话不需作否定转移）
　　而以下情况，到底哪种理解正确，我们无法从逻辑意义上进行辨别，这时我们只有借助语境即上下文来分析了。即这类句子是否采用“否定转移”以译文意思合乎逻辑为准则。
　　She didn't call you because she loved you.
　　这个句子可能出现两种理解：
　　A. 她给你打电话并非因为她爱你。（发生了否定转移）
　　B. 她没给你打电话是因为她爱你。（未发生否定转移）
　　4. 表示信念、看法、愿望的名词充当主语从句的表语时，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定主语从句。这类词有：hope, thought, view, opinion, wish, expectation, belief, plan 等。
　　It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from that. (will not suffer...)
　　我们希望你不要为那事受太多苦。
　　It is not my opinion that you spend much time on computer games. (do not spend...)
　　我的看法是你不要花太多时间玩电脑游戏。
　　It is not their plan that their homework is done on Sunday.
　　他们计划星期天不做家庭作业。
　　5. 含有全体意义的代词和副词作主语或宾语时，形式上否定谓语，语义上否定主语或宾语，表示部分否定。这类词有：all, both, every, everybody, everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely 4, wholly 5。
　　All the people didn't know the truth. (Not all the people knew the truth.)
　　并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。
　　All that glitters 6 is not gold. (not all glitters...)
　　发光的不总是金子。
　　Both the children are not clever. (Not both the children...)
　　两个孩子并不都聪明。
　　Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. ( Not everybody...)
　　的确不是人人都喜欢它。
　　I don't know all of them. (not all of them)
　　对于他们我不是个个都认识的。
　　I don't like both of them. (not both of them.)
　　这两本小说，我不是都喜欢。
　　注：当all 与can not 或 won't 构成否定句式时，其否定不再发生转移，而表示全部否定。
　　All the foreigners can not pass the borders without visas.
　　所有外国人没有签证均不能过境。
　　All the treatment won't make any help for her disease 7.
　　所有的治疗对他的疾病都无用。
　　6. “否定主句+肯定式方式从句”中，主句和从句意思正好相反。
　　Whales are not fish, as many people think (so).
　　此处so=whales are fish（把as作为转折理解就好记了。）
　　鲸不是鱼，而许多人却认为鲸是鱼。
　　7. 主语是否定特征时，翻译应根据具体情况确定。否定可以转移，也可以不转移。
　　Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.
　　看过高质量彩色电视的人再也不可能对黑白电视感到满足了。