时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   二、具体化


  具体化(specification)是指采用明确具体的方式来翻译原文中较为概略化的表达。英语原文中有不少词语乃至整个句子的字面意义非常抽象、笼统、概括和空泛,如对等译成汉语,不但译文难以表达出原作者的真正意图,而且译文语义也会含糊不清,很难给读者一个准确的概念。遇到这种情况时,译者可以、甚至必须根据具体的语言环境和上下文的事理联系,把这些字面意义捉摸不定的词句用汉语里含意明确具体的词句加以表达,使原文比较抽象的表达方式变得比较实在、比较空泛的变得比较具体、比较笼统的变得比较明确。具体化翻译涉及的范围较广,大致可分为以下几种情况:
  A. 抽象概念具体化。英语中经常使用一些含义抽象的词句,但从上下文的逻辑来看,作者的本意是在表达具体概念,因此翻译时应选用含义明确的汉语,还其本来的面目。例如:
  (1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully 1 automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition 2 which can be fired without human intervention 3.在防空和反导弹战斗中,必须强调以下两个因素的重大作用:一是无人操作的全自动火炮;二是勿需人工装填、随时可以发射的大量备用弹药。
  (2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概读过这样一些故事吧。它们描写一个英雄坐上飞船,"风驰电掣",直冲九宵云外,毋须为燃料担心发愁。
  (3) Vietnam was his entree 4 to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant 5.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问,那是第三次了。
  (4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vessels 6 to pass underneath 7 without interception 8, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在铁路经过通航河道的地方,如果那时不可能做到把线路升高到使船只在下面不受阻碍地通过的话,就必须把桥梁修成开启式的,以便江河或运河里的船只通过。
  B. 概括或笼统概念具体化。有时原文作者用一些含义概括或笼统的词句来表达某一具体的事物、行为或情况,如按字面直译会使译者有隔雾观花之感。而且也不可能尽如作者愿意。这时就有必要用明确具体的词句把原文的具体含义表达出来。例如:
  (1) A modern frigate 9 or destroyer could well use up all her surface-to-air missiles in the first hours of a serious large-scale encounter.在一场大规模的海空战斗的最初几个小时内,现代护卫舰或驱逐舰就可能将舰载的全部舰对空导弹消耗殆尽。(字面意义为"冲突")
  (2) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation 10 such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.许多人认为,植物的习性与动物相似,于是梦寐以求地去探索什?quot;返老还童"的"灵丹妙药",就象数百年前彭斯德·利昂在青春泉祈求仙水一样,结果只能是竹篮打水一场空。(3) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.众所周知,过度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。(字面意义为"体重的两个极端")
  (4) Administrating this fluid intravenously will fill up the deficiency in potassium.静脉滴注这种液体可以补充体内钾的不足。(administrating字面意义为"给予")
  C. 广义词词义具体化。英语中有少数词使用广泛、搭配灵活,但其字面意义却颇为笼统和广泛。翻译时,必须根据其特定的上下文来确定其意义,然后选择具体的方式予以表达出来。例如:
  (1) Plants cannot grow well in the absence of water.没有水,植物就不能茁壮地生长。
  (2) Shock the bottle well before the experiment.实验前应反复摇动瓶子。
  (3 )Radar waves go through clouds or fog quite well, whereas light waves no not.雷达波能很容易地穿云破雾,而光波则不能。
  (4) Examine the account well before you pay it.付款之前请仔细核对帐目。
  D. 其他情况具体化。在实际翻译过程中,还会碰到其他一些字面意义比较空泛或模糊的词句,如果直译就不能把原文本意交代清楚,有时还会造成歧义。这时就必须采用具体化的办法进行翻译。例如:
  (1) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwise of this information. 本资料不得私下或公开翻印。(or otherwise具体译为"公开",以与by implication相对应)
  (2) The planes may be in commercial use as early as the end of this decade or the beginning of the next.这类飞机最早可在八十年代末或九十年代初投入商业飞行。(this decade和the next分别具体译为"八十年代"和"九十年代")
  (3) Empties are not taken back. 空瓶不退钱。
  (4) The stars twinkled in transparent 11 clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。

adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
n.军火,弹药
  • A few of the jeeps had run out of ammunition.几辆吉普车上的弹药已经用光了。
  • They have expended all their ammunition.他们把弹药用光。
n.介入,干涉,干预
  • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
  • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
n.入场权,进入权
  • She made a graceful entree into the ballroom.她进入舞厅时显示非常优雅。
  • Her wealth and reputation gave her entree into upper-class circles.她的财富和声望使她得以进入上层社会。
n.顾问;会诊医师,专科医生
  • He is a consultant on law affairs to the mayor.他是市长的一个法律顾问。
  • Originally,Gar had agreed to come up as a consultant.原来,加尔只答应来充当我们的顾问。
n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人
  • The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
adj.在...下面,在...底下;adv.在下面
  • Working underneath the car is always a messy job.在汽车底下工作是件脏活。
  • She wore a coat with a dress underneath.她穿着一件大衣,里面套着一条连衣裙。
n.拦截;截击;截取;截住,截断;窃听
  • Aerial photography can provide valuable information on precipitation, evapotraspiration, interception, and runoff. 航空摄影可提供有关降水量、蒸发蒸腾量、入渗和径流量的有价值的资料。
  • Light interception and distribution in hedgerow orchards with different alleyway widths is indicated in Fig. 56. 图56显示篱壁果园不同行间宽度的光能截取和分配的情况。
n.护航舰,大型驱逐舰
  • An enemy frigate bore down on the sloop.一艘敌驱逐舰向这只护航舰逼过来。
  • I declare we could fight frigate.我敢说我们简直可以和一艘战舰交战。
n. 复原,再生, 更新, 嫩化, 恢复
  • Prolonged starvation and aging might lead to rejuvenation of embryogenic potential. 长期的饥饿和衰老可以导致胚胎发生能力的复壮。
  • All this signs rejuvenation of agriculture. 所有这些都预示着农业将复苏。
adj.明显的,无疑的;透明的
  • The water is so transparent that we can see the fishes swimming.水清澈透明,可以看到鱼儿游来游去。
  • The window glass is transparent.窗玻璃是透明的。
标签: 翻译
学英语单词
-chested
alseroxylon
antiarthritics
appealingly
appearance point
armoring of throat
avicultures
aza
ballwinner
batch smelter
Baure
beamspace
benzamido-
between-sessions
birectifier
bubble disk latch
Canterno, L.di
Christenhead
condition of coal formation
consignee's warehouse
convolution of two function
Coulomb explosion
creatings from raw materials
dioxuridine
dirsiyeh (darisiyeh)
dishumoured
diverticular
double registration
dressed black fine goat hair
drug disposition
dry-closet
earthing reactance
electron-beam accelerator
enwrapment
EULER
excuse from
extracted style
fines returns
First Church of Christ, Scientist
food coupons
fulro
gallophone
gas-turbine ships
generic route encapsulation
genus Alopex
Gesneriaceae
gotten away from
gynecopathia
haemlymph
hanging flies
heat distortion tester
hematostatic thrombus
high noon
ID numbers
Infectoflam
kahn e-plane hybrid
kiss-me-quick
Kortessem
leading industry
lemon geranium
lengthwise feed lever slide block
lentiform papillae
marls
microsthenes
multiple oxides
nagorno-karabakh.
nonacetate
nonguarded
nonwinner
odd periodic autocorrelation
okeechobee waterways
phoeniculuss
plane of strain instability
pmdd
positive philosophy
post-traumatic stress disorder, post-trauma stress disorder
recanalise
repealling
resolicit
Rosboro
safe protector for puncher
Schörfling am Attersee
scroteotomy
segara
sequela
slope ratio method
smitty stevenss
soft segment
sore-throat due to fire of deficiency type
sulphurous spring
suppress line numbers
tear ... away
Terni, Prov.di
trona deposit
tropical continental air mass
turboloader
unproductive wages
wallwood
well-graded
wet willies
when the eagle flies
wles