时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   句子(sentence)是比词语更高一级的语法层次,是能够单独存在并能表达相对完整意义的语言单位。一般说来,交际活动都是以句子为基本语言单位展开的,因此句子在翻译过程中占有最重要的位置,必须予以高度重视。


  一、 英汉句子对比
  英语句子按其结构可分为简单句和复杂句。简单句由一个独立分句、即一个独立使用的主谓结构组成,复杂句则由两个或两个以上的分句组成,按照分句间的关系,又可分为并列句和复合句。按交际功能分,英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。汉语句子在结构和功能划分上同英语一样,也可以分为单句和复句及陈述、疑问等句。但是,英语的简单句并不总是等同于汉语的单句,因为汉语的单句既包括英语的简单句,也包括英语中的某些带从句的复合句。例如:
  His idea is that we clean the floor first.他的意见是我们先清扫地板。(英语中that 引导的是一个表语从句,而汉语中"我们先清扫地板"只是一个主谓结构(词组)作宾语。)
  其次,英汉两种语言在句序上也有一定的差异,如英语简单句的句序一般是"主语 谓语 宾语 状语",而汉语单句的则一般是"主语 状语 谓语 宾语",例如:
  I woke up in the middle of night.我在半夜里醒了。
  英语句子中如出现多个状语,一般按"方式状语 地点状语 时间状语"的次序来排列,地点状语或时间状语之间的排列顺序一般是从小到大;而在汉语句中却常相反。例如:
  (1) They played chess in high spirits at the club yesterday.
  他们昨天在俱乐部高兴地下棋。
  (2) She lives at 34 Rue 1 Temple, Geneva, Switzerland.
  她住在瑞士日内瓦唐普尔大街34号。
  英语的定语既可前置、又可后置,而汉语的则只能前置。例如:
  useful books有用的书
  a man of fifty years old五十岁的人
  除表示目的、结果或程度分句的句序与汉语的大体相同外,英语主从复合句中的从句一般既可置于句首,又可置于句末,而汉语复句中的对等句子成分却常置于句首。如:
  Because he was ill, he had to stay at home.因为他病了,所以不得不呆在家里。
  最后,不同的英汉句子均具有自己不同的语体色彩。这在翻译过程中必须加以鉴别,不可忽视。例如下面一组英语句子虽表达相同的意思,但语体色彩各异:
  Feeling tired, John went to bed early.(formal)
  John went to bed early because he felt tired.(common core)
  John felt tired, so he went to bed early.(informal)
  二、英语句子翻译
  翻译句子首先要对句子结构进行语法分析,这既包括上节词语层翻译中所讲的词类、词义分析,也包括句类(简单句、并列句还是复合句)分析、句子间各主要部分(如主句、从句、上下句)逻辑关系分析、句子的语用功能和语体分析及其它相关背景知识的综合分析,翻译文学作品时还不能忘记句子的艺术分析(主要是修辞手段和情感表达效果分析)。在正确理解句意后,用恰当的译入语将句义(各种意义)最大限度地表达出来。一般来讲,句子的译法可以是:一、亦步亦趋,二、化整为零(分译),三、调整句序、词序。从语言层次的转换情况来看,英语句子翻译成汉语既可是同一层次的同类型转换,也可是同一层次的非同类型转换,还可以是超越同一层次的转换。
  (一) 简单句的翻译
  翻译简单句有时可亦步亦趋,有时则需在引申词义、转换词类和调整词序、句序上下功夫,例如:
  (1) I bought the car.我买了这部车。(转换成汉语简单句)
  (2) But this naval 2 competition strained the Liberal Government's principles as well as their budgets.但是这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说,也使其预算捉襟见肘。(转换成汉语联合复句的并列句)
  (3) Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof 3.司法部门如果对此不闻不问,那就是没有尽到责任。(转换成汉语偏正复句的假设句)
  (4) Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.各国社会制度不同,但不应妨碍彼此接近与相互合作。(转换成汉语偏正复句的转折句)
  (5) This was an intelligently organized and fervent 4 meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。(转换成两个汉语句子)

n.懊悔,芸香,后悔;v.后悔,悲伤,懊悔
  • You'll rue having failed in the examination.你会悔恨考试失败。
  • You're going to rue this the longest day that you live.你要终身悔恨不尽呢。
adj.海军的,军舰的,船的
  • He took part in a great naval battle.他参加了一次大海战。
  • The harbour is an important naval base.该港是一个重要的海军基地。
adj.远离的;冷淡的,漠不关心的
  • Never stand aloof from the masses.千万不可脱离群众。
  • On the evening the girl kept herself timidly aloof from the crowd.这小女孩在晚会上一直胆怯地远离人群。
adj.热的,热烈的,热情的
  • It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。
  • Austria was among the most fervent supporters of adolf hitler.奥地利是阿道夫希特勒最狂热的支持者之一。
标签: 翻译 笔记
学英语单词
additive valuation
aerospace biomedicine
all-female
asset-liability view
benzaldehyde spirit
bispectral analysis
black marked prominent
bodenite (allanite)
Bunsen flask
cake urchin
carphology
catalyst residence time
cave erosion
cement bonding
Ch'erch'er Terara
chab
Chinese flowering apple
cicatricial keloid
close one's doors
cloudwashed
coat-of-mail shell
coil chain
control weight
contronymy
couldn't seem
cryoturbinectomy
disaffectedly
dosimeter glass
double pole mast
drawstring
duck-hook
electric pitch control mechanism
electrically tunable oscillator
English thread
essera
Fagopyrum gracilipes
fiz(z)
fondation
form taxon
formylglycine
free of capture&seizure clause
gray propaganda
Havel
home lift
hybrid LSI
i-stuffed
impressionists
incompatibleness
instituters
interconnection crossover
interstitial pneumonias
isomeric growth
jackin' around
kim il - sung
knight-errantries
krisuvigite (brochantite)
let ride
Lffler's alkaline methylene blue stain
Malākand P.
man hours evaluation
mazya (bantu)
method for determining the lime content
methyl-arsine dibromide
mierovitrain
mutoscopes
Myelotrast
nanodomains
nanosiemens
nervus cutaneus femorsis lateralis
notes of admiration
OCSO
osmium tetrahydroxide
out-talk
pallido-
phosphate tetany
picric
pinocytoses
pipunculus (eudorylas) gigas
plasmiraogen
power transmission fluid
reanointing
rootin' tootin'
rose-marie
sarcomerogenesis
scanning transmission electron microscopy
shirring thread
stretched pebble
supple meter
switching selector
swoon over
teases
telemeetings
tetrahydro columbamine
think aloud loud
U-MKW mill
underlying alluvial soil
urban-limit
varicose veins
vassberg
Wash. Washington
work station for computer aided design
zarghami