时间:2018-12-18 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

 1.词语选择的重要性


在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中,编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻:“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:
it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."
显然,说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国,古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想,因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔,或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2.词语选择的可能性
实际上,我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库,只要我们肯去发掘,往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看,我们有各种类型的词典和参考书,只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读,写作时勤查考,就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然,一部好词典也不会毫无缺点,更难以面面俱到,因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话:
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.
3.词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准,人们说法不一,但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然,某词语用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼,还要看其具体使用场合,包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性,就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式,正如有句英语俗语所言:
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.
著名美国作家马克·吐温说:“用词准确与用词几乎准确,这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting 1 and the lighting bug 2.)
为了择语准确,必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说,含义各不相同:
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback 3 latest experiment.
The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.
Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.
反之,也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义,如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal 4 in the dumps,low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择,有必要注意词语的两种意义:“基本意义”(denotation)和"引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身,或客观的固有含义,后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义,往往比较含蓄,带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顾客问营业员:“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的,当然并不是说质量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思,这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上,需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族,在一定的条件下可以转化,如
labor 5一词通常带抽象含义,但并非一成不变。试比较:
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.
B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.
上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义,泛指各种社会劳动,B句中labor为具体含义,特指WAW,即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提,也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而,鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标,为此,应从两个方面加以注意:
A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语,如:do something for(不用perform,
accomplish),用end/finish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。
B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想,因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去:
mutual 6 aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other,(an entirely)complete confidence,repeat the
question(again),return(back) from abroad,etc.
3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的,否则,单纯追求生动或优雅,就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风,这是应当避免的。

1 lighting
n.照明,光线的明暗,舞台灯光
  • The gas lamp gradually lost ground to electric lighting.煤气灯逐渐为电灯所代替。
  • The lighting in that restaurant is soft and romantic.那个餐馆照明柔和而且浪漫。
2 bug
n.虫子;故障;窃听器;vt.纠缠;装窃听器
  • There is a bug in the system.系统出了故障。
  • The bird caught a bug on the fly.那鸟在飞行中捉住了一只昆虫。
3 setback
n.退步,挫折,挫败
  • Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。
  • She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。
4 dismal
adj.阴沉的,凄凉的,令人忧郁的,差劲的
  • That is a rather dismal melody.那是一支相当忧郁的歌曲。
  • My prospects of returning to a suitable job are dismal.我重新找到一个合适的工作岗位的希望很渺茫。
5 labor
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
6 mutual
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
标签: 写作 词语
学英语单词
a silkworm cocoon
acceptable failure rate
anticrop
arachine
automarts
bare charm
beach replenishment
Beni-Guil
berth number
biello
bone tar
cadmium silver oxide cell
cathode protection method
cesarean deliveries
chocolate biscuit
close set
concrete finishing machine
Coromandel Coast
crusta lactea
develop kit
dikka
echinodermatas
excitonic phase
federal funds market
filter bag
fruit-juice tablet wrapper
gazels
geographical coenology
geraniolene
get gray
glued laminated girder
gutter bearer
holcombes
hose-apparatus
Indian wrestles
inorganic mud
interpretive subroutine
INTIPS
inverse Mercator projection
Kiruna
lactase deficiency syndrome
land waters
latch clutch
life table
luvz
lyn-z
manually controlled
maritime pollution
material characterization
maxillary septum
maximum possible loss
medium-priceds
methods
miscellaneous assets
morlon
murre
Myohla
N-methylcytisine
nanosurfaces
neutron excitation of the nucleus
non heritable
Novofosfan
nucleases
nucleoid
nurc
ocean remote sensing
oktyabrsky
peat charcoal
perspicuously
pervesterol
peucenin
porcelanite (porcellanite)
professional athletes
R-6238
Red Book audio
red-light-camera
roseapple
roseboro
Rubus nyalamensis
sandal-tree
shoal indicator
short-scale
singers' node
space-to-grund communication
static node
supersonic aerodynamics
synchroids
tamanoirs
taraxacum fluidextract
teezer
telecommunication network
the first law of thermodynamics
tooth shell
tower oven
true and fair
Twaddell degree
uncorked bottle
unsimplistic
vibilia cultripes
vibrated fluid bed
viziru (vizirul )
xylota formosana