词性--名词
时间：2018-12-13 作者：英语课 分类：初中语法汇总
名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic 2 of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news 3, oil 4, population 5, information 6 .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格：
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was 7 a great invention 8.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police 9, school等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese 10, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard 11.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted 12 on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking 13 apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous 14 food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required 15 to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing 16 at the side 17 of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either 18…or…或者 neither 19…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going 20 there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers 21 is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet 22 is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted 23.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic 24 Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won 25 the league 26 match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television 27 Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during 28 the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey 29、tour 30、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made 31 up his mind 32 to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took 33 several 34 trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did 35 you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels 36?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling 37 through thick forests 38 is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice 39的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake 40 in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden 41 there was the sound of shots 42 and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as 1 a result 43 of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool 44. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer 45 fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
练习题，测试题请到 exam 46.tingroom.com
- He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
- In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。
- The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
- The PRC stands for the People's Republic of China.PRE代表中华人民共和国。
- China is rich in oil resources.中国的石油资源丰富。
- It might need some oil.它大概需要一些油。
- What is the population of london?伦敦的人口是多少？
- China has a huge population.中国有众多的人口。
- I hope the information I gave you was helpful.我希望我给你的消息对你有所帮助。
- We must get further information.我们必须获得更多的消息。
- It's a most useful invention.这是一项极其有用的发明。
- Paper is also an invention by the Chinese.纸也是中国人发明的。
- They sent him over to the police.他们将他遣送警察局。
- It took the police only several days to break the case.警察只用了几天就破案了。
- This is of Japanese make.这是日本制造的。
- He began to learn Japanese three years ago.3年前他开始学日语。
- There is an apple in the yard.院子里有一个苹果。
- The children are playing in the yard.孩子们正在院子里玩耍。
- The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money. 那项工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。
- We had a wasted trip—they weren't in. 我们白跑了一趟，他们不在。
- He sat there ruminating and picking at the tablecloth. 他坐在那儿沉思，轻轻地抚弄着桌布。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The artist is picking in shadows in the picture. 这位画家正在画面上画阴影。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The hotel is famous for its suppers.那个酒店以晚餐而著称。
- He is famous for his learning.他以有学问而出名。
- Fluency in French is required for this job. 这个工作要求法语熟练自如。
- A senior certificate with matric exemption is required for entry to university. 上大学需要有中学毕业的资格证书。
- After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
- They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
- The shop is on the west side of the street.商店在街道的西边。
- There was a lot of people on every side. 到处都是人。
- I have bought two books,you can have either.我买了两本书，你要哪一本都可以。
- I don't think either of them are at home.我想他们中任何一个都不在家。
- I don't know that neither.那个我也不知道。
- He doesn't smoke neither does he drink.他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
- We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
- He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
- The deposits spread for 100 kilometers across four counties. 这些矿藏绵延一百公里，跨越四个县。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- They only managed to get over ten kilometers. 他们只走完十公里路。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- You can find it on the Internet.你可以在因特网上找到它。
- I surf the Internet two hours a day.我每天上网冲浪两个小时。
- Polluted air hangs over the city.城市上空被污染的空气所笼罩。
- The air was polluted by factory smoke.空气被工厂冒的烟污染了。
- The 1984 Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles.1984年奥林匹克运动会在洛杉矶举行。
- In the Olympic Games the winner will get a gold medal.在奥运会上优胜者得到一枚金牌。
- I'll never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
- Half of the students in our class are League members.我们班有一半学生是团员。
- Do you often watch television?你经常看电视吗？
- Please turn off the television.请把电视关上。
- What did you do with yourself during the summer holidays?暑假你是怎样度过的？
- London is full of visitors during May and June.五六月间伦敦挤满了游客。
- She will give up this journey.她将放弃这次旅行。
- The journey home was great fun.回家的旅程非常有趣。
- He has gone on a walking tour. 他徒步旅行去了。
- A tour guide took us around the city. 一个导游带我们环游了这个城市。
- They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
- The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。
- I took my dog for a walk along the river.我带着狗沿那条河散步。
- It took me about two hours to cook the meat.我花了大约两个小时来煮这些肉。
- Words often have several meanings.单词往往有若干个意思。
- Several new members have come into the club since last year.自去年以来，又有些新成员加入了俱乐部。
- How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球？
- Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢？
- Stories about his travels abound. 有关他游历的故事多得很。
- She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world. 她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- her adventures travelling in Africa 她在非洲旅行时的冒险经历
- She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling alone. 她一想到独自旅行的情景就害怕。
- forests planted with beech 山毛榉林
- The two Frenchmen went through strange adventures in the African forests. 两位法国人在非洲森林里经历了种种奇遇。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
- Her voice was music to my ears.她的声音听起来就像音乐。
- That song doesn't suit her voice.那首歌不适合她的嗓子。
- The baby awake is looking here and there.醒着的婴儿东张西望。
- Please awake me at six.请6点钟唤醒我。
- All of a sudden he turned about and saw me.他突然转过身来看见了我。
- The horse was badly frightened by the sudden noise.那匹马被突然而来的嘈杂声吓坏了。
- The man fired several shots from his pistol. 那个男人用手枪开了几枪。
- When the shots rang out, everyone hit the deck. 就在枪声传来的时候，大伙都躺倒在地。
- As a result,he had to leave.结果他只得离开。
- He was disappointed at the result.他对这样的结果感到失望。
- The swimming pool was opened to the public on July 1.游泳池于七月一日对外开放。
- At the end of half an hour the pool was nearly dry.这样过了半小时，坑里的水差不多舀光了。