时间:2019-02-20 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

  对于《Seventeenth Century Dutch Agriculture》这篇来说,很多童鞋应该并不陌生。这篇文章是托福阅读TPO23套的第2篇,但是在这种难度适中的文章当中,依然会藏有杀机!今天我们就来一起找找杀机在哪里!


  Paragraph4: As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land moreintensively and to reclaim 1 more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase productionon existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation 2 and, in particular, began toapply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to thegrazing livestock 3. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, wascollected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield andprice of land justified 4 reclaiming 5 and draining even more land.
  段落四:随着消费者和工业对这种农产品的需求增加,耕地变得越来越珍贵,人们对可耕地的利用强度越来越大,并且从湿地和湖泊中开垦了更多的耕地。为了增加已有土地的产量,农民们利用谷物轮作,特别是用动物粪便来给土地定期施肥而不是随意让牧区的牲畜来进行施肥。城市首次收集工业废料, 比如煮皂的灰料和城市废料,并作为人工肥料售给乡下。产量的增加和土地价格的上涨使得开垦和灌溉更多的土地变得合理化。
  7.Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, indicate two methodspeople used to increase the productivity of their land. To receive credit you must select TWO answers
  A.They planted different crops in different sections of the farm each year.
  B.They used improved irrigation methods to increase the yield of crops.
  C.They increased the use of fertilizers to supply more nutrients 6 to plants.
  D.They used new horticultural practices to produce different varieties of plants in the samesection of the farm.
  这道题目选AC。
  首先C选项很容易从文中找到答案
  C选项原文出处:
  began toapply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock.
  C选项出处释义:
  用动物粪便来给土地定期施肥而不是随意让牧区的牲畜来进行施肥。
  但是A选项似乎就没那么简单被选出来了,因为它牵扯到了一个常识。
  A选项原文出处:In order to increase productionon existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation
  A选项出处释义:
  为了增加已有土地的产量,农民们利用谷物轮种。
  但是对应到A选项They planted different crops in different sections of the farm each year后,怎么感觉说的不是一回事儿呢。
  好啦,那接下来我们给大家解释一个概念,就自然清楚了—谷物轮种(Crop rotation)。
  介绍
  在同一块田地上,有顺序地在季节间或年间轮换种植不同的作物或复种组合的一种种植方式。轮作是用地养地相结合的一种生物学措施。中国早在西汉时就实行休闲轮作。北魏《齐民要术》中有“谷田必须岁易”、“麻欲得良田,不用故墟”、“凡谷田,绿豆、小豆底为上,麻、黍、故麻次之,芜菁、大豆为下”等记载,已指出了作物轮作的必要性,并记述了当时的轮作顺序。长期以来中国旱地多采用以禾谷类为主或禾谷类作物、经济作物与豆类作物的轮换,或与绿肥作物的轮换,有的水稻田实行与旱作物轮换种植的水旱轮作。
  作用合理的轮作有很高的生态效益和经济效益:
  防治病、虫、草害
  作物的许多病害如烟草的黑胫病、蚕豆根腐病、甜菜褐斑病、西瓜蔓割病等都通过土壤侵染。如将感病的寄主作物与非寄主作物实行轮作,便可消灭或减少这种病菌在土壤中的数量,减轻病害。对为害作物根部的线虫,轮种不感虫的作物后,可使其在土壤中的虫卵减少,减轻危害。
  合理的轮作也是综合防除杂草的重要途径,因不同作物栽培过程中所运用的不同农业措施,对田间杂草有不同的抑制和防除作用。如密植的谷类作物,封垄后对一些杂草有抑制作用;玉米、棉花等中耕作物,中耕时有灭草作用。一些伴生或寄生性杂草如小麦田间的燕麦草、豆科作物田间的菟丝子,轮作后由于失去了伴生作物或寄主,能被消灭或抑制为害。水旱轮作可在旱种的情况下抑制,并在淹水情况下使一些旱生型杂草丧失发芽能力。
  均衡利用土壤养分
  各种作物从土壤中吸收各种养分的数量和比例各不相同。如禾谷类作物对氮和硅的吸收量较多,而对钙的吸收量较少;豆科作物吸收大量的钙,而吸收硅的数量极少。因此两类作物轮换种植,可保证土壤养分的均衡利用,避免其片面消耗。
  调节土壤肥力
  谷类作物和多年生牧草有庞大根群,可疏松土壤、改善土壤结构;绿肥作物和油料作物,可直接增加土壤有机质来源。
  另外,轮种根系伸长深度不同的作物,深根作物可以利用由浅根作物溶脱而向下层移动的养分,并把深层土壤的养分吸收转移上来,残留在根系密集的耕作层。同时轮作可借根瘤菌的固氮作用,补充土壤氮素,如花生和大豆每亩可固氮6~8千克,多年生豆科牧草固氮的数量更多。
  水旱轮作还可改变土壤的生态环境,增加水田土壤的非毛管孔隙,提高氧化还原电位,有利土壤通气和有机质分解,消除土壤中的有毒物质,防止土壤次生潜育化过程,并可促进土壤有益微生物的繁殖。
  相信到此为止,大家应该非常了解什么叫做谷物轮种了,因此这道题的A选项也就变得没有那么可怕了吧!
  在考试时,像这样需要背景知识,却又在原文中没有铺垫背景知识的题目很少见,童鞋们不要害怕!只要耐心懂,认真看,即使碰到这样的题目猜一猜也是有很高几率做对的!

v.要求归还,收回;开垦
  • I have tried to reclaim my money without success.我没能把钱取回来。
  • You must present this ticket when you reclaim your luggage.当你要取回行李时,必须出示这张票子。
n.旋转;循环,轮流
  • Crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
  • The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。
n.家畜,牲畜
  • Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
  • The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。
a.正当的,有理的
  • She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
  • The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。
v.开拓( reclaim的现在分词 );要求收回;从废料中回收(有用的材料);挽救
  • People here are reclaiming land from the sea. 这儿的人们正在填海拓地。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • How could such a man need reclaiming? 这么一个了不起的人怎么还需要别人拯救呢? 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
n.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )
  • a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
  • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》
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