科学美国人60秒 SSS 通过进化改善生活:诺贝尔化学奖
时间：2019-02-14 作者：英语课 分类：2018年科学美国人10月
Better Living through Evolution: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
“This year’s prize is harnessing the power of evolution. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided 1 to award the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with one half to Frances H. Arnold for the directed evolution of enzymes 2 and the other half jointly 3 to George P. Smith and Gregory P. Winter for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.”
今年的奖项是利用进化的力量。瑞典皇家科学院(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)决定将2018年诺贝尔化学奖授予弗朗西斯·h·阿诺德(Frances H. Arnold)，以表彰她对酶的指导进化，另一半授予乔治·p·史密斯(George P. Smith)和格雷戈里·p·温特(Gregory P. Winter)，以表彰他们对噬菌体展示肽和抗体的研究。
G?ran Hansson, secretary general of the Academy, earlier today. And I’m Steve Mirsky. Welcome to Scientific American’s Science Talk, posted on October 3rd, 2018. What follows is an edited version of the announcement and press conference.
该学院秘书长戈兰·汉森今天早些时候表示。我是史蒂夫·米尔斯基。欢迎来到发表于2018年10月3日的《科学美国人》科学讲座。以下是经过编辑的公告和新闻发布会。
“Frances H. Arnold was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States in 1956 and she’s currently at the California Institute of Technology, Caltech, in Pasadena in the Los Angeles area. George P. Smith was born in 1941 in Norwalk, Connecticut, and he’s currently at the University of Missouri, in Columbia, in the United States. Sir Gregory P. Winter was born in 1951 in Leicester, in the United Kingdom. And he is at the Laboratory of Molecular 4 Biology and the University of Cambridge in England.
1956年，弗朗西丝·h·阿诺德出生于美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡市，目前在洛杉矶帕萨迪纳的加州理工学院就读。乔治·p·史密斯1941年出生于康涅狄格的诺沃克，目前在美国哥伦比亚的密苏里大学就读。格雷戈里·温特爵士1951年出生于英国莱斯特。他在英国剑桥大学分子生物学实验室工作。
“So with that I’d like to ask Claes Gustafsson, chairman of the Nobel committee, to make some remarks about the prize.”
“因此，我想请诺贝尔委员会主席克拉斯·古斯塔夫松就诺贝尔奖发表一些评论。”
CG: “This year’s prize in chemistry rewards a revolution based on evolution. Our laureates have applied 5 principles of Darwin in test tubes. And used this approach to develop new types of chemicals for the greatest benefit of humankind…
今年的化学奖奖励了一场基于进化的革命。我们的获奖者已经在试管中应用了达尔文的原理。并利用这种方法开发新型化学品，造福人类……
“For thousands of years we humans have used selective breeding to create animals and plants with properties that have been useful for us. This year’s Nobel laureates have taken the next step. They have used the molecular understanding that we today have of the evolutionary 6 process and re-created the process in their laboratories in their test tubes….
“几千年来，我们人类利用选择性育种创造出对我们有用的动物和植物。今年的诺贝尔奖得主已经迈出了下一步。他们利用分子认识到今天我们的进化过程和重建过程中他们的实验室试管....
“This work has led to the creation of proteins with new enzymatic 7 activities, able to catalyze 8 useful chemical reactions. In addition, with the method called phage display, they have also evolved proteins with new binding 9 properties, such as antibodies that can be used to treat disease. In their laboratories, our laureates this year have been able to direct evolution, to steer 10 it, which has led to new chemical tools that can be used in everything from environmentally friendly detergents 11 to the creation of new biofuels and pharmaceuticals 12.”
“这项工作导致了具有新的酶活性的蛋白质的产生，能够催化有用的化学反应。此外，通过这种被称为噬菌体展示的方法，它们还进化出了具有新的结合特性的蛋白质，例如可用于治疗疾病的抗体。在他们的实验室里，我们的获奖者今年已经能够引导进化，引导它，这导致了新的化学工具，可以用于从环保洗涤剂到新生物燃料和药品的创造的一切。
That’s it for this episode and for our coverage 13 of the 2018 Nobel Prizes in the sciences. On a personal note, earlier this year I started using one of the new class of antibody drugs that this research made possible. These drugs didn’t exist 20 years ago. And now I’m directly benefiting from the work that was honored today. For Scientific American’s Science Talk, I’m Steve Mirsky.
以上就是本期节目以及我们对2018年诺贝尔科学奖的报道。就我个人而言，今年早些时候我开始使用一种新的抗体药物，这项研究使之成为可能。这些药物20年前还不存在。现在我直接受益于今天的工作。《科学美国人》的科学讲座，我是史蒂夫·米尔斯基。
- This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
- There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
- It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
- Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。
- Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
- She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
- The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
- For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。
- She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
- This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
- Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
- These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。
- This chromoprotein has also been endowed with enzymatic properties. 这种色素蛋白也具有酶的特性。
- It is of profound interest to elucidate the enzymatic activities in soil. 阐明土壤中酶的活性是有深远意义的。
- They are highly specific for the reactions that they catalyze.它们对被它们催化的反应有很强的专一性。
- They are highly specific for the reactions that they catalyze.它们对被它们催化的反应有很强的专一性。
- The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
- Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
- If you push the car, I'll steer it.如果你来推车，我就来驾车。
- It's no use trying to steer the boy into a course of action that suits you.想说服这孩子按你的方式行事是徒劳的。
- Such detergents do not yellow the wool as alkali tends to do. 这种洗涤剂不会象碱那样使羊毛发黄。 来自辞典例句
- Development of detergents has required optimization of the surfactants structure. 发展洗涤剂时，要求使用最恰当的表面活性剂结构。 来自辞典例句
- the development of new pharmaceuticals 新药的开发
- The companies are pouring trillions of yen into biotechnology research,especially for pharmaceuticals and new seeds. 这些公司将大量资金投入生物工艺学研究，尤其是药品和新种子方面。 来自《简明英汉词典》