时间:2018-12-29 作者:英语课 分类:新编大学英语阅读部分


英语课

Unit 9
Gender 1 Differences

In-Class Reading
Gender Roles from a Cultural
Perspective

I. Word List
Directions: Memorize the following words and phrases before class. You will benefit from your effort when you get the passage from your teacher and read it in class.

Proper Names

David and Myra Sadker
(人名) 戴维.赛德克和迈拉.赛德克夫妇


New Words

appropriately *
adv. correctly, suitably for a particular time, situation, or purpose 合适地,恰当地
e.g. Those children aren't appropriately dressed for this cold weather.

approve *
v. have a positive opinion of 认可,赞许
e.g. I don't approve of smoking in public places.

aspiration 2 *
n. a strong desire or hope to do or have something 志向,抱负
e. g. Her aspirations 3 to help others come from her own misfortune as a child.

assumption *
n. something supposed but not proved 假定,设想
e.g. On the assumption that the increased production targets can be reached, I've ordered extra raw materials.

bias 4 *
n. a prejudice or preference that interferes 5 with a fair judgment 6 偏见,成见

biased 7
adj. 有偏见的

gender-biased
adj. showing an unreasonable 8 preference for men or women 有性别偏见的

constitute *
v. form or make (something) 构成
e.g. I ) The under-18s constitute nearly 25% of the population of the town.
II ) Nuclear weapons (核武器) constitute a very real threat to world peace.

gender
n. the physical or social condition of being male or female 性别

genetic 9 *
adj. 遗传学的
e.g. genetic code/engineering/factor 遗传密码/遗传工程(学)/遗传因子

goodness
n. the quality of being good 好的品质

incorporated
adj. 结合的,并为一体的

indirectly 10 *
adv. 间接地
e.g. She still controls the company indirectly through her son, who is the managing director.

innumerable *
adj. very many, or too many to be counted 无数的,不计其数的
e.g. He has invented innumerable excuses, told endless lies.

masculine *
adj. relating to or being considered typical of men, in contrast to women 适合于男子的,有男子特点的
e.g. People would be much better balanced if we could bring out the masculine side of women and the feminine side of men.

neatness *
n. the quality of being tidy and carefully arranged 整洁
e.g. When writing your homework, remember that neatness counts.

nonsexist
adj. disapproving 11 the idea that the members of one sex are less intelligent, able, skillful, etc. than the members of the other sex 非性别歧视的

northeastern *
adj. 东北的
e.g. northeastern China/the northeastern region

noticeably *
adv. easily noticed or recognized 显著地,明显地
e.g. After her illness, she had become noticeably thinner.

nursery *
n. a place where young children and babies are taken care of 托儿所
e.g. We are turning one bedroom into a nursery and painting it in bright colors.

obedience 12
n. 服从,顺从

participant *
n. a person who takes part in a particular activity 参与者
e.g. All participants finishing the race will receive a medal.

preschooler
n. (AmE) a child who does not yet go to school 学龄前儿童

subordination *
n. 从属,次要地位
e.g. They complained that there was constant subordination of high standards to quick results.

unintentional *
adj. not said or done deliberately 13 非故意的,无心的
e.g. I know she upset you, but I'm sure it was unintentional.

unknowingly
adv. not knowing what is happening 不知不觉地
e.g. A great number of people unknowingly carry the AIDS virus (艾滋病病毒).

Gender Roles from a Cultural Perspective

1 Over the past few decades, it has been proven innumerable times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture. In the process of growing up, each child learns hundreds of culturally patterned details of behavior that become incorporated into its gender identity. Some of this learning takes place directly. In other words, the child is told by others how to act in an appropriately feminine or masculine way. Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys.
2 Recently, for example, a study of American public schools showed that there is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. According to the researchers, the bias is unintentional and unconscious, but it is there and it is influencing the lives of millions of schoolchildren every year. Doctors David and Myra Sadker videotaped classroom teachers in order to study gender-related bias in education. Their research showed that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. From nursery school to postgraduate 14 courses, teachers were shown to call on males in class far more than on female students. This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. As a matter of fact, in the late 1960s, when many of the best all-women's colleges in the northeastern United States opened their doors to male students, it was observed by professors and women students alike that the boys were "taking over" the classroom discussions and that active participation 15 by women students had diminished noticeably. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.
3 Research done by the Sadkers showed that sometimes teachers unknowingly prevented girls from participating as actively 16 as boys in class by assigning them different tasks in accordance with stereotyped 17 gender roles. For instance, one teacher conducting a science class with nursery school youngsters, continually had the little boys perform the scientific "experiment" while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. Since hands-on work with classroom materials is a very important aspect of early education, the girls were thus being deprived of a vital learning experience that would affect their entire lives.
4 Another dimension of gender-biased education is the typical American teacher's assumption that boys will do better in the "hard", "masculine" subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. As an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy, American boys do, indeed, develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on. But these are cultural, not genetic patterns. In Germany, for example, all studies are considered "masculine", and it is girls who develop reading problems. And in Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.
5 The different attitudes associated with the educational process for girls and boys begin at home. One study, for example, showed that when preschoolers were asked to look at a picture of a house and tell how far away from the house they were permitted to go, the boys indicated a much wider area than the girls, who generally pointed 18 out a very limited area close to the home. Instead of being encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills that are useful in dealing 19 with the outside world, as boys are, girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their "goodness" and obedience to rules. These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than with its content, and more anxious about being "right" in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical 20, or original. Thus, through the educational process that occupies most of the child's waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each gender in its traditional and expected mold. (722 words)

Time taken: ____________ minutes


Phrases and Expressions

as a matter of fact
事实上,其实
e.g. "I guess you haven't eaten yet." "As a matter of fact, I have," said Hunter.

call on
ask (students) to answer questions
e.g. The teacher always called on her first.

fall behind
become less successful than someone else 落后
e.g. In secondary school she started falling behind in her schoolwork.

put...away
move something into the place in which it is usually kept 放好,收好
e.g. Come on, it's time to put these toys away.

take over
do (something) instead of or let someone else do it 接管,接任
e.g. Do you want me to take over the digging if you're tired?

turn out
produce
e.g. The school has turned out some good scholars.

up to
less than or equal to a certain amount or level 直到......,至多......
e.g. Research suggests that up to half of those who were prescribed the drug have suffered side effects.



n.(生理上的)性,(名词、代词等的)性
  • French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语,所有的名词都有性。
  • Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。
n.志向,志趣抱负;渴望;(语)送气音;吸出
  • Man's aspiration should be as lofty as the stars.人的志气应当象天上的星星那么高。
  • Young Addison had a strong aspiration to be an inventor.年幼的爱迪生渴望成为一名发明家。
强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 ); 志向; 发送气音; 发 h 音
  • I didn't realize you had political aspirations. 我没有意识到你有政治上的抱负。
  • The new treaty embodies the aspirations of most nonaligned countries. 新条约体现了大多数不结盟国家的愿望。
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
vi. 妨碍,冲突,干涉
  • The noise interferes with my work. 这噪音妨碍我的工作。
  • That interferes with my plan. 那干扰了我的计划。
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
a.有偏见的
  • a school biased towards music and art 一所偏重音乐和艺术的学校
  • The Methods: They employed were heavily biased in the gentry's favour. 他们采用的方法严重偏袒中上阶级。
adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的
  • I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
  • They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
adv.间接地,不直接了当地
  • I heard the news indirectly.这消息我是间接听来的。
  • They were approached indirectly through an intermediary.通过一位中间人,他们进行了间接接触。
adj.不满的,反对的v.不赞成( disapprove的现在分词 )
  • Mother gave me a disapproving look. 母亲的眼神告诉我她是不赞成的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Her father threw a disapproving glance at her. 她父亲不满地瞥了她一眼。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.服从,顺从
  • Society has a right to expect obedience of the law.社会有权要求人人遵守法律。
  • Soldiers act in obedience to the orders of their superior officers.士兵们遵照上级军官的命令行动。
adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地
  • The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
  • They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。
adj.大学毕业后的,大学研究院的;n.研究生
  • I didn't put down that I had postgraduate degree.我没有写上我有硕士学位。
  • After college,Mary hopes to do postgraduate work in law school.大学毕业后, 玛丽想在法学院从事研究工作。
n.参与,参加,分享
  • Some of the magic tricks called for audience participation.有些魔术要求有观众的参与。
  • The scheme aims to encourage increased participation in sporting activities.这个方案旨在鼓励大众更多地参与体育活动。
adv.积极地,勤奋地
  • During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
  • We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。
adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的
  • There is a sameness about all these tales. They're so stereotyped -- all about talented scholars and lovely ladies. 这些书就是一套子,左不过是些才子佳人,最没趣儿。
  • He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past. 它们是恐怖电影和惊险小说中的老一套的怪物,并且与我们的祖先有着明显的(虽然可能没有科学的)联系。
adj.尖的,直截了当的
  • He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
  • She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。
n.经商方法,待人态度
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
adj.分析的;用分析法的
  • I have an analytical approach to every survey.对每项调查我都采用分析方法。
  • As a result,analytical data obtained by analysts were often in disagreement.结果各个分析家所得的分析数据常常不一致。
学英语单词
a bit of goods
acne scrofulosorum
Antialiasing filter
assurd
axial flow turbomachine
benign hemangiopericytoma
bonzanigo
bufotenine
Caodaiists
carbonyl complex
change international options
computer-aided process simulation model
continuous milling
copper strip
cosmoid
counterpicket
county palatine
decimal equivalent of fraction dimensions
dedza mt.
defined notion
diminuate
dominant variable
double bottom party
drag sb into sth
Dutch-processed cocoa
emotional investment
endurance limit at pulsating strerss
equipollent opposition
erogenic zone
exhaust stub
felidu atoll
field grade
fixed pitch propeller(fpp)
fixed shading
Gallner
ganglionic receptor
ginkgetin
haggadic
Haken
hardens
hot-wire vacuum gauge
hygrometric deficit
japanese chesses
johnstowns
kivel
kronykele
kuke
Lee,Charles
local thermal runaway
loose rust
lordsmear
made him
maternal-mortality
mathesius
meckler
mellific
Mellte, Afon
Merovingians
messag
microwave transistor amplifier
minimal tree
moisture absorption system drying
Neo-Typhusan
nondegenerate level
nosepicker
one and all
partial loss
point point angular correlation
profoundness
push-pull amplifirer
Rabdosia loxothyrsa
relative instantaneous centre of velocity
riding-crops
rnoes
roasting blast furnace
rose mallow
rowly-powly
Sabathecycle
screw someone over
self-alkylation
sembene
sfeirs
shake him down
siru
sore place
Stoke Prior
strike a blow at
submit sth to sb
szilard-chalmers reaction
taties
Tennessee City
tetrabutyl urea
Torslev
transfude
True Story
two-arm interferometer
uncorrelated jitter
unilateral equilibration
WAIS (wide area information server)
warning shot
water regain
weaver's cough