时间:2018-12-12 作者:英语课 分类:GRE作文


英语课

   arguement51The following appeared in a medical newsletter.


  "Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics 1 regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment“
  先看我同学是怎么写的,他的3段攻击大概是这样的:
  1.2个医生背景不同
  2.2个实验组的具体情况信息实在太少,不足以判断
  3.并不一定所有的病人都会发生2次感染
  想来他的思路具有一些普遍性,现在来看我说我的思路。
  要写好arguement,首先就是要学会读题目怎么读题目?不是单单找逻辑错误就完了的,你更要分析题目句子和句子间的逻辑关系。
  也许有的人此刻会笑,心说,“哪个模版上不说,‘arguer的所说的结论是什么,他的论据是什么。。。’,‘有谁会分不清楚?’” 虽然谁都知道,但是你有没有真正想过这里面的内在含义?
  这个题目,我会分成3块:
  第一是前提:Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain
  第二是结论:Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment
  剩下来的都是论据。
  但是请分清楚这些都是谁的论据,他们都是用来证明“This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients.”的。那换言之,就是前提的论据。
  简单说来,就是作者的话可以这样复述“因为[前提]的存在,所以我的[结论]是。。。那为什么说这个[前提]是正确的呢?因为。。。[论据]”
  这3者间的逻辑关系
  前提和结论
  前提和结论可以说是一个因果关系 (至少作者想体现出一种因果关系)。
  论据和前提
  论据和前提也可以说是一个因果关系,因为这里的论据是用来证明前提的。
  但是,究竟哪个逻辑关系是主关系呢?显然应该是前提和结论的因果关系
  如果你承认这点,那么就应该在你的第一攻击点,首先考虑攻击这个关系。反过来说,如果你第一段攻击了,那2个病人的实验,那你就是主次没分清楚好,我们来看,这个结论和前提的因果关系到底有什么逻辑问题!
  这个又是一个读题目能力的考察,一定要仔细啊!!!
  前提:Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain
  结论:Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment
  最明显一些关键词,我已经给标出来了。剩下的也有值得关注的 比如 结论里面的 part。
  是否发现,单单这2句话,比那一段实验还要有多话说?
  secondary infections may ——> 一个仅仅是may 的事情,居然推广到都会发生,显然错了。
  some——>all 一些病人 推广到 所有病人 显然也错了。
  severe muscle strain 和一般的 muscle strain 病人能同等对待么?只有严重肌肉损伤的人中才有某些人可能发生再次感染,没有说任何关于整个肌肉损伤病人的信息。
  由此,一下就至少3个攻击点。怎么攻击,不用我说了,这个你们很熟悉。但是在这里,我必须要再次强调为什么要先攻击这个地方,这个是西方的习惯,先攻击最重要的逻辑问题。
  为什么这个比2个病患组的例子更重要?病患组的例子你再怎么攻击,最多也就是能说“这些证据,并不能表明[前提]是一定存在的”,那也就等于说,[前提]还是有可能存在的。你最后的攻击无非就是“一个不一定确实存在的[前提],不能推导到那样的结论”
  而我攻击前提和结论这个逻辑层面,我就能说,即便[前提]是完全正确的,我也不能得到那样的结论。所以,要先攻击这个逻辑关系这个地方说的有点绕,希望大家仔细想下。
  那这3个点攻击完了,这个主逻辑层次攻击完了,怎么着至少攻击了2段了吧?如果你愿意此刻攻击了3段了,接着是什么?接着才是那2个病患组的攻击,也就是攻击他的前提了,想怎么攻击怎么攻击。
  但是,不知道你们发现了没有,不管你怎么攻击这个证据,顶多也就是个information too vague,没有能重伤这个文章让别人怀疑的能力。
  而我们最开始的攻击,相对于前者,可以说就是招招致命,让人足够怀疑了。
  所以,大家要分清楚,攻击是有主次的,攻击不同的逻辑层次产生的效力也是完全不一样的。不要觉得什么地方好写,就多写。什么错误先出现就先写。很有可能最后出现的错误就是最致命的错误。希望各位考生能够从以上新GRE写作思路中有所收获。

1 antibiotics
n.(用作复数)抗生素;(用作单数)抗生物质的研究;抗生素,抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
标签: GRE写作
学英语单词
a niche in the temple of fame
airmass
Alalakh
amphigonical gymnospore
arlingtonians
average distance of passenger travel
B.P.E.
bet a cookie
bile juice
blasphemous
Blastococcus
cadra cautellas
carotenoid
catch someone off balance
chien pu hu chien wan
cided
clean air devices
combination interlock relay
comparative disadvantage
compost-makings
compression coiled spring
corporate integrity
culture jammed
data transceiver
disgenius
duckering
ecliptie
equipartitionings
excitation cubicle
exhaust-sound
f.r.
falconid
fallout meter
feel someone's the pulse of someone
fluidifies
frequency-response calibration
gate bias
george michael
giant taroes
Grote, George
Head on the block
hedgehog signalling pathway
hemolysinogen
Hutchinson's thiads
ilsemannite
inoffensively
invalidator
kirst
Knema linifolia
lake loess
leadbeater
learned helplessness
length shear ga(u)ge
lightproof
local heating
locally random set of numbers
maintenance shed
Malus daochengensis
manic depressive reaction
mold facing
monotonous habitat
mount the scaffold
Neuwiedia singapureana
Newton Point
offset upset forging
online business
opportunity to see
ordinary splice grafting
panelectroscop
peak-load regulation
petty trick
piquette
Plemming Fluid
polymitus
price leading
Protein Data Bank
rank(s) in one-way layout
recurrent income
remi inferior ossis ischii
sadin
scavenging performance
secondary Gothic
Seoraksan(Daecheongbong)
SFPs
sharp-worded
sow with
space remote sensor
sperm reservoir
stope raise
strong-motion
subcutaneous layer
submirrors
superhype
synista
three fold purchase
ulriches
uralenin
Vokhma
voltage-dividing capacitor
weldability
whaleboned
yacht stern