VOA标准英语2010-Some Western Workhorses Don't Eat Hay

'Horseheads' dip into the earth to make their owners a few bucks 1

Ted 2 Landphair | Washington, DC 31 March 2010

If you wonder why pumpjacks are sometimes called horseheads, stick a couple of ears and paint an eye on each side of this one, and you'll see.

Throughout the scraggliest parts of the American West, in fields where jackrabbits keep company with rattlesnakes, you see symbols of an earlier era of prosperity.

Often rusted 3, but sometimes new and shiny, they look like tireless grasshoppers 4, bobbing up and down, up and down, up and down across the landscape. Sometimes you'll see a lone 5 one in an unlikely place, such as the parking lot of a shopping mall, the middle of a wheatfield, or out by the clothesline in someone's backyard.

There are no horses or cows around this pumpjack, either. It looks like it's in the yard behind an industrial building.

They go tha-thump, tha-thump, tha-thump, day and night.

These are motor-driven oil pumps, whose proper name is hydraulic 6 pumping unit. Most people call them pumpjacks, horseheads or - our favorite - nodding donkeys because they look like a pack animal, lazily reaching down for a snatch of grass and then raising its head again.

Pumpjacks are not an explorer's device. They show up long after someone else has prodded 7 the earth and struck oil, long after pent-up natural gas has pushed the oil to the surface in a great geyser, and long after someone capped the gusher 8 and began to harvest the oil. In states like Oklahoma and Texas, where decaying, 100-million-year-old plant and animal debris 9 had turned to oil under the compressed rock, fortunes were made and huge companies founded off this liquid black gold.

It's true that most pumpjacks sit in fields throughout the West. But they'll work just fine on a platform atop a pond, too. You want 'em where the oil is.

But when the natural gas is gone, and big platform rigs have finished sucking out the easy-to-reach oil, landowners set out pumpjacks to tap the oil that still oozes 10 through the rocks below - like the moisture you can find in a sponge that's been squeezed.

With one or a few of these horseheads a-pumping, pulling oil into retaining tanks to await shipment to market, families can collect enough barrels of oil to make some extra money.

Pumpjacks can rise and dip day after day without ceasing. But most U.S. states force their owners to stagger the hours of pumping, for fear the vast fields below will be depleted 11. So don't be fooled if you see an old nodding donkey standing 12 idle, rusting 13 in the sun. It could just be waiting its turn.