英语语法：157 Always, Never, Usually, Often, Most

by Mignon Fogarty

Today we'll discuss words you should never use and words you should always avoid--or something like that.

As many of you know, before I was Grammar Girl, I was a science and technology writer. Even as an undergraduate, my instructors 1 said I was especially good at that kind of writing. My secret was that I hedged everything I wrote. I wouldn't write anything as definitive 2 as "Scientists found life on Mars." I would write "Scientists appear to have found life on Mars," or "Scientists report that they have found signs of life on Mars."

In scientific writing, those kind of distinctions are important because knowledge changes as new data comes in. What looks like life on Mars today, could turn out to be an instrument malfunction 3 tomorrow. Coffee seems good for you in one study, but bad for you in the next study that looked at different populations or parameters 4. But keeping absolute statements under control can also keep your everyday writing honest.

Using Always and Never

Some of the most dangerous words you can throw around are "always" and "never." They almost beg people to ask, "Really? Never? Not even if aliens take over the world and change the laws of physics with their super-advanced technology?"

If I were to write, "Always italicize foreign words," I'm certain that within 12 hours someone would write in with an exception. If I were to write, "Never start a sentence with a lowercase letter," someone would remind me that Scandinavian last names such as "de Heer" start with lowercase letters and might come at the beginning of a sentence or that the "p" in "pH" must be lowercase when referring to the acidity 5 or alkalinity of a solution whether it's at the beginning of a sentence or not.

If you go out on a limb and use "always" or "never," be darn certain there aren't any exceptions.

When Should You Use Usually and Often?

So what about fudgy words such as "usually" and "often"? They aren't horrible. When you're tempted 6 to write "always," "usually" can be a safer choice: In English, we usually italicize foreign words.

The problem is that sometimes people use these words without any real knowledge of whether something happens often or usually.

I was tempted to write "people often use these words without any real knowledge," but really? Is it often? I know I see it done, but when I think about it carefully, I'm not willing to commit to "often." "Sometimes" is more accurate.

What is the Difference Between Many and Most?

People have asked about the difference between "most" and "many." OK, it was only one person, so it wasn't really "people"; it should have been "someone."

Both "many" and "most" indicate a large, indefinite amount. Technically 7, "most" is more than "many." "Most" is a superlative that means "in the greatest degree" or "in the majority of instances," so you could argue that it's only correct to use "most" when you're talking about more than half of something. For example, "most of the time" would have to be at least fifty percent of the time, although in practice, I suspect most people [get it?] don't strictly 8 adhere to that definition.

When Should You Use “Most” and Many”?

My advice to careful writers is to avoid using "most" and "many" unless you have evidence that what you're talking about is a lot--a lot of people or more than half the time, for example. It shouldn't just be your opinion. The thought "I believe snails 9 are adorable and make great mascots 10" floating through your head shouldn't lead you to write "Many people believe snails are adorable and make great mascots."

Going back to my opening paragraph, how did I know that many of you know that I used to be a science writer? I didn't. Although I've mentioned it in a bunch of interviews, I have no idea how many of you already knew that I was a science writer. So I shouldn't have started out with "as many of you know." It's pure speculation 11 (and unnecessarily wordy).

As an aside, you can learn more about "more" and "most" in episode #124 in which we talk about using "more" to comparing two things (this painting is more spectacular than the last) and "most" when something is the best of more than two things (this painting is the most spectacular one we've seen all day).

A Quick and Dirty Tip: Name Your Sources

Finally, make your attributions clear. I don't consider "some say" or "critics have asserted" to be meaningful. Name your sources. Earlier when I said "Someone asked me about the difference between 'most' and 'many,'" it would have been better to name the person: A reader named John T. asked about the difference between "most" and "many."

Audible

Get a free audiobook when you sign up for a free trial at Audiblepodcast.com/gg. This week I recommend King of Hearts.

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

I'm Mignon Fogarty, author of the New York Times best-seller, Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. Here's what a recent buyer, Michelle Cimino, had to say in a review: "I've used your book many times to make sure I don't make a fool out of myself--especially since grammar is not my strongest suit! I highly recommend this for anyone who needs a little help here and there...or for people like me who need a LOT of help." Thanks, Michelle!

You can pick up a copy of Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing at most major bookstores. More than half of the bookstores I've checked carry it, so I believe that was a legitimate 12 use of "most."