英语四级语法总结（1）

 　　1.句子成分(members of the sentence)

　　英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：
　　1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。
　　2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如I study English中的study。
　　3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的，如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。
　　4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don’t work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。
　　5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。
　　6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works 1 hard(他努力工作)中的hard。 2.动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
　　时态
　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.
　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
　　I’d been working for some time when he called.
　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.
　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.
　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
　　语态 　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
　　He was said to be jealous 2 of her success.
　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.
　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference 3.
　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
　　宾补结构的被动语态:
　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.
　　Then he was made a squad 4 leader.
　　He was considered quite qualified 5 for the job.
　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.
　　短语动词
　　Vi + adv
　　The plane took off two hours late.
　　Vi + prep
　　They looked round the Cathedral 6.
　　Vi + prep (有被动语态)
　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.
　　The children were always well looked after.
　　Vi + adv + prep
　　I began to look forward to their visits.
　　Vt + O + adv
　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
　　The children were brought up by their mother.
　　They took him on.
　　Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
　　I am trying to give up smoking 7.
　　Vt + O + prep
　　We talked Donald into agreement.